One consequence is the ability of the 5 f electrons to participate in the conduction band and to remain localized simultaneously, producing rather complex and still unclear behaviour of the uranium bonding nature with a mixed covalent/ionic character (Kaltsoyannis, 2013 ). Additionally, uranium 5 f electrons show an apparent duality in localization, being often found in radially dispersed and hybridized bands in the vicinity of the Fermi level, whereas sometimes they remain localized (Guziewicz et al., 2004 Teterin et al., 1981 Teterin & Teterin, 2004 ). In particular, uranium can induce very versatile physico-chemical properties due to the wide range of possible oxidation states offered by its 7 s 26 d 15 f 3 electronic ground state configuration. Uranium compounds are usually associated with nuclear applications, such as nuclear fission for energy generation, but for many decades they also triggered interest from more fundamental aspects.
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